量子计算为某些问题提供了指数加速的潜力。但是,许多具有可证明加速的现有算法都需要当前不可用的耐故障量子计算机。我们提出了NISQ-TDA,这是第一个完全实现的量子机学习算法,其在任意经典(非手动)数据上具有可证明的指数加速,并且仅需要线性电路深度。我们报告了我们的NISQ-TDA算法的成功执行,该算法应用于在量子计算设备以及嘈杂的量子模拟器上运行的小数据集。我们从经验上证实,该算法对噪声是可靠的,并提供了目标深度和噪声水平,以实现现实世界中问题的近期,无耐受耐受性的量子优势。我们独特的数据加载投影方法是噪声鲁棒性的主要来源,引入了一种新的自我校正数据加载方法。
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The findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data principles have provided a framework for examining, evaluating, and improving how we share data with the aim of facilitating scientific discovery. Efforts have been made to generalize these principles to research software and other digital products. Artificial intelligence (AI) models -- algorithms that have been trained on data rather than explicitly programmed -- are an important target for this because of the ever-increasing pace with which AI is transforming scientific and engineering domains. In this paper, we propose a practical definition of FAIR principles for AI models and create a FAIR AI project template that promotes adherence to these principles. We demonstrate how to implement these principles using a concrete example from experimental high energy physics: a graph neural network for identifying Higgs bosons decaying to bottom quarks. We study the robustness of these FAIR AI models and their portability across hardware architectures and software frameworks, and report new insights on the interpretability of AI predictions by studying the interplay between FAIR datasets and AI models. Enabled by publishing FAIR AI models, these studies pave the way toward reliable and automated AI-driven scientific discovery.
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Out-of-distribution detection is crucial to the safe deployment of machine learning systems. Currently, the state-of-the-art in unsupervised out-of-distribution detection is dominated by generative-based approaches that make use of estimates of the likelihood or other measurements from a generative model. Reconstruction-based methods offer an alternative approach, in which a measure of reconstruction error is used to determine if a sample is out-of-distribution. However, reconstruction-based approaches are less favoured, as they require careful tuning of the model's information bottleneck - such as the size of the latent dimension - to produce good results. In this work, we exploit the view of denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) as denoising autoencoders where the bottleneck is controlled externally, by means of the amount of noise applied. We propose to use DDPMs to reconstruct an input that has been noised to a range of noise levels, and use the resulting multi-dimensional reconstruction error to classify out-of-distribution inputs. Our approach outperforms not only reconstruction-based methods, but also state-of-the-art generative-based approaches.
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Recent developments in the methods of explainable AI (XAI) methods allow researchers to explore the inner workings of deep neural networks (DNNs), revealing crucial information about input-output relationships and realizing how data connects with machine learning models. In this paper we explore interpretability of DNN models designed to identify jets coming from top quark decay in high energy proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We review a subset of existing top tagger models and explore different quantitative methods to identify which features play the most important roles in identifying the top jets. We also investigate how and why feature importance varies across different XAI metrics, how feature correlations impact their explainability, and how latent space representations encode information as well as correlate with physically meaningful quantities. Our studies uncover some major pitfalls of existing XAI methods and illustrate how they can be overcome to obtain consistent and meaningful interpretation of these models. We additionally illustrate the activity of hidden layers as Neural Activation Pattern (NAP) diagrams and demonstrate how they can be used to understand how DNNs relay information across the layers and how this understanding can help to make such models significantly simpler by allowing effective model reoptimization and hyperparameter tuning. By incorporating observations from the interpretability studies, we obtain state-of-the-art top tagging performance from augmented implementation of existing network
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为了实现良好的性能和概括性,医疗图像分割模型应在具有足够可变性的大量数据集上进行培训。由于道德和治理限制以及与标签数据相关的成本,经常对科学发展进行扼杀,并经过对有限数据的培训和测试。数据增强通常用于人为地增加数据分布的可变性并提高模型的通用性。最近的作品探索了图像合成的深层生成模型,因为这种方法将使有效的无限数据生成多种多样的数据,从而解决了通用性和数据访问问题。但是,许多提出的解决方案限制了用户对生成内容的控制。在这项工作中,我们提出了Brainspade,该模型将基于合成扩散的标签发生器与语义图像发生器结合在一起。我们的模型可以在有或没有感兴趣的病理的情况下产生完全合成的大脑标签,然后产生任意引导样式的相应MRI图像。实验表明,Brainspade合成数据可用于训练分割模型,其性能与在真实数据中训练的模型相当。
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SKA脉冲星搜索管道将用于实时检测脉冲星。SKA等现代射电望远镜将在其全面运行中生成数据。因此,基于经验和数据驱动的算法对于诸如候选检测等应用是必不可少的。在这里,我们描述了我们的发现,从测试一种称为Mask R-CNN的最先进的对象检测算法来检测SKA PULSAR搜索管道中的候选标志。我们已经训练了蒙版R-CNN模型来检测候选图像。开发了一种自定义注释工具,以有效地标记大型数据集中感兴趣的区域。我们通过检测模拟数据集中的候选签名成功证明了该算法。本文介绍了这项工作的详细信息,并重点介绍了未来的前景。
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可以使用医学成像数据研究人类解剖学,形态和相关疾病。但是,访问医学成像数据受到治理和隐私问题,数据所有权和获取成本的限制,从而限制了我们理解人体的能力。解决此问题的一个可能解决方案是创建能够学习的模型,然后生成以相关性的特定特征(例如,年龄,性别和疾病状态)来生成人体的合成图像。最近,以神经网络形式的深层生成模型已被用于创建自然场景的合成2D图像。尽管如此,数据稀缺性,算法和计算局限性仍阻碍了具有正确解剖形态的高分辨率3D体积成像数据的能力。这项工作提出了一个生成模型,可以缩放以产生人类大脑的解剖学正确,高分辨率和现实的图像,并具有必要的质量,以允许进一步的下游分析。产生潜在无限数据的能力不仅能够对人体解剖学和病理学进行大规模研究,而不会危及患者的隐私,而且还可以在异常检测,模态综合,有限的数据和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平的学习领域进行显着提高。道德AI。代码和训练有素的模型可在以下网址提供:https://github.com/amigolab/synthanatomy。
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使用计算机视觉对间接费用的分析是一个问题,在学术文献中受到了很大的关注。在这个领域运行的大多数技术都非常专业,需要大型数据集的昂贵手动注释。这些问题通过开发更通用的框架来解决这些问题,并结合了表示学习的进步,该框架可以更灵活地分析具有有限标记数据的新图像类别。首先,根据动量对比机制创建了未标记的空中图像数据集的强大表示。随后,通过构建5个标记图像的准确分类器来专门用于不同的任务。从6000万个未标记的图像中,成功的低水平检测城市基础设施进化,体现了我们推进定量城市研究的巨大潜力。
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可穿戴机器人设备有可能协助和保护用户。为了设计智能头盔,本文研究了音频和视觉警告的有效性,以帮助参与者振作起来。一项用户研究检查了运行时对用户应用的不同警告和影响。从不同的方向应用了缩放到用户质量的扰动力,并测量用户位移以表征警告的有效性。这是使用适应于运动循环期间精确矩,向前,向后,右或左侧扰动力来向前,向后,右或左侧扰动力进行的踏板活动的活动风洞来完成的。本文介绍了该系统的概述,并展示了步态过程中精确发出一致警告和扰动的能力。用户研究结果突出了视觉和音频警告的有效性,以帮助用户振作起来,从而导致指南,从而为未来的人类机器人警告系统提供信息。
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鉴于HEP研究的核心,数据科学(DS)和机器学习(ML)在高能量物理学(HEP)中的作用增长良好和相关。此外,利用物理数据固有的对称性激发了物理信息的ML作为计算机科学研究的充满活力的子场。 HEP研究人员从广泛使用的材料中受益匪浅,可用于教育,培训和劳动力开发。他们还为这些材料做出了贡献,并为DS/ML相关的字段提供软件。物理部门越来越多地在DS,ML和物理学的交集上提供课程,通常使用HEP研究人员开发的课程,并涉及HEP中使用的开放软件和数据。在这份白皮书中,我们探讨了HEP研究与DS/ML教育之间的协同作用,讨论了此交叉路口的机会和挑战,并提出了将是互惠互利的社区活动。
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